Molecular Geometry Definition in Chemistry

Sub-atomic Geometry Definition in Chemistry In science, sub-atomic geometry depicts the three-dimensional state of a particle and the overall situation of the nuclear cores of an atom. Understanding the sub-atomic geometry of a particle is significant in light of the fact that the spatial connection between molecule decides its reactivity, shading, natural action, condition of issue, extremity, and different properties. Key Takeaways: Molecular Geometry Sub-atomic geometry is the three-dimensional course of action of the iotas and concoction bonds in a molecule.The state of a particle influences its synthetic and physical properties, including its shading, reactivity, and natural activity.The bond points between nearby bonds might be utilized to portray a particles in general shape. Atom Shapes Atomic geometry might be depicted by the bond points shaped between two contiguous bonds. Normal states of straightforward particles include: Direct: Linear particles have the state of a straight line. The bond points in the particle are 180â °. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO) are direct. Rakish: Angular, twisted, or angular particles contain bond points under 180â °. A genuine model is water (H2O). Trigonal Planar: Trigonal planar atoms structure a generally triangular shape in one plane. The bond points are 120â °. A model is boron trifluoride (BF3). Tetrahedral: A tetrahedral shape is a four-colored strong shape. This shape happens when one focal molecules has four bonds. The bond edges are 109.47â °. A case of an atom with a tetrahedral shape is methane (CH4). Octahedral: An octahedral shape has eight faces and bond edges of 90â °. A case of an octahedral atom is sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Trigonal Pyramidal: This particle shape looks like a pyramid with a triangular base. While direct and trigonal shapes are planar, the trigonal pyramidal shape is three-dimensional. A model atom is smelling salts (NH3). Techniques for Representing Molecular Geometry Its generally not functional to frame three-dimensional models of particles, especially on the off chance that they are huge and complex. More often than not, the geometry of particles is spoken to in two measurements, as on a drawing on a piece of paper or a pivoting model on a PC screen. Some regular portrayals include: Line or stick model: In this kind of model, just sticks or lines to speak to substance bonds are delineated. The shades of the parts of the bargains demonstrate the personality of the iotas, yet individual nuclear cores are not appeared. Ball and stick model: This is basic kind of model in which iotas are appeared as balls or circles and compound bonds are sticks or lines that associate the molecules. Frequently, the iotas are shaded to demonstrate their personality. Electron thickness plot: Here, neither the iotas nor the bonds are demonstrated legitimately. The plot is a guide of the likelihood of finding an electron. This kind of portrayal diagrams the state of a particle. Animation: Cartoons are utilized for enormous, complex atoms that may have various subunits, similar to proteins. These drawings show the area of alpha helices, beta sheets, and circles. Singular particles and concoction bonds are not demonstrated. The foundation of the atom is portrayed as a strip. Isomers Two particles may have a similar compound equation, however show various geometries. These particles are isomers. Isomers may share normal properties, however its basic for them to have diverse dissolving and breaking points, distinctive organic exercises, and even various hues or scents. How Is Molecular Geometry Determined? The three-dimensional state of a particle might be anticipated dependent on the sorts of substance bonds it structures with neighboring iotas. Expectations are generally founded on electronegativity contrasts among particles and their oxidation states. Observational check of forecasts originates from diffraction and spectroscopy. X-beam crystallography, electron diffraction, and neutron diffraction might be utilized to survey the electron thickness inside a particle and the separations between nuclear cores. Raman, IR, and microwave spectroscopy offer information about the vibrational and rotational absorbance of compound bonds. The sub-atomic geometry of a particle may change contingent upon its period of issue since this influences the connection between iotas in atoms and their relationship to different atoms. Additionally, the sub-atomic geometry of a particle in arrangement might be unique in relation to its shape as a gas or strong. In a perfect world, atomic geometry is evaluated when a particle is at a low temperature. Sources Chremos, Alexandros; Douglas, Jack F. (2015). When does a stretched polymer become a molecule?. J. Chem. Phys. 143: 111104. doi:10.1063/1.4931483Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999). Progressed Inorganic Chemistry (sixth ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-19957-5.McMurry, John E. (1992). Natural Chemistry (third ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-16218-5.

Great Gatsby Weddings and Social Occasions Free Essays

Ruby DeFelice 11/14/12 Pd. 2 Mr Brennan Lavish gatherings are plentiful all through the novel The Great Gatsby. Sumptuous slams tossed by Jay Gatsby pull in the â€Å"foul dust† of East and West egg like moths to a light. We will compose a custom exposition test on Extraordinary Gatsby: Weddings and Social Occasions or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Those in participation at Gatsby’s parties will in general be the tip top filth of the earth thinking about nobody and nothing with the exception of their very own social notorieties. Two events are especially pertinent to the improvement of the novel; the reliably present soirees and Gatsby’s memorial service together light up the real factors of the participants esteems, build up the perusers sympathy towards Gatsby, and help reveal a more profound good. Many affluent nitwits appear at Gatsby’s chateau arranged for a thrilling night of drinking and intoxicated shenanigans. After quite a while after night individuals come to Gatsby’s, their liberal host, refuse his home, drink his liquor and have a stupendous bygone era. One would think Gatsby is a popular man with numerous companions and friends and family, in any event that is the thing that his famous gatherings suggest. However nobody in participation appears to know who Gatsby truly is by any stretch of the imagination. Visitors in Gatsby’s house, not in any case knowing who the man is, twitter bits of gossip about him throughout the night never truly knowing reality, never truly minding to know. Gatsby’s life is brimming with individuals who use him, as it were his life is unfilled, a reality we don’t completely comprehend the seriousness of until his burial service. At Gatsby’s burial service we find how alone he truly was. Of the entirety of the visitors skimming all through Gatsby’s parties, exploiting his friendliness, just one wants to appear at his memorial service. Indeed, even Daisy the lady Gatsby had made his illusionary life for is to self assimilated to show up. The absence of organization at Gatsby’s burial service induce the heedlessness and self ingestion of the first class East and West egg residents. One man even has the dauntlessness to call Nick, our hero, a day prior Gatsby’s memorial service searching for his sneakers! Obviously he cannot make it to the burial service of his once liberal host on account of earlier cookout plans! The tragic truth of Gatsby’s forlornness and the bloodsuckers that exploited him finish their appearance during his memorial service and cause the peruser to capitulate to a solid sympathetic mentality toward the late Jay Gatsby. Through Gatsby’s gatherings and his burial service develops a more profound importance of human expectation. Gatsby put stock in the green light of things to come, the light that despite the fact that you may never arrive voluntarily consistently be there enticing to you. Gatsby is separated from everyone else from the beginning and at long last bites the dust alone, even the one individual he thinks generally about, his â€Å"green light†, doesn’t appear to mind enough to appear at his memorial service. Gatsby’s dream fizzles, yet even the appallingly tragic and forlorn life he drove couldn’t prevent him from attempting to arrive at his fantasy as far as possible. The most effective method to refer to Great Gatsby: Weddings and Social Occasions, Essay models

More On The Interview

More On The Interview… I wanted to offer a few more comments on the interview. While we have a diverse group of ECs (just like the MIT student body) and they may have somewhat different styles of how the conversations will go, the main point of these meetings is for us to learn about the things that interest you and the way you go about pursuing those interests. The interviews are also a good chance for you to learn more about MIT from someone whos been a student there. College admissions is all about the match and these conversations are a way for you and for us to learn about each other in that regard. To that end, there is no expectation that you should have to prepare anything special for the interview. You should be prepared to talk about the things that interest you and the way you pursue those interests, and think about why MIT would be a good place for you. But those are things that you should be doing for the application, anyway. The interview is simply a way for you to tell us in person. Some ECs may suggest you bring resumes, some might suggest that you bring something else of interest to your interview. This is not a requirement or an expectation â€" remember that most students dont have resumes or other things â€" but if you have something, feel free to bring it. Also remember that there are no right or wrong things to talk about in the interview. There is no one profile of student we are looking for â€" MIT students have extremely diverse interests â€" and we dont value one type of activity over another. You dont need to have pulled a child from a burning building or have solved any of the worlds major problems; nobody else has. Whatever it is that you like to do is great just as it is. You dont need to glitz it up or embellish in any way. You dont have to set yourself apart from your classmates (common advice you might hear from college counselors). If you love to play the violin, play the violin even if your many of your classmates do as well. You dont need to take up the crumhorn to look different. What the ECs are looking to learn about you is simply what it is that you enjoy doing, and how you have gone about doing those things. Remember that these meetings are supposed to be fun â€" after all, what could be more fun than talking about things that you love to do! More On The Interview… Please note that, as of August 2018, our process for assigning interviews has changed (though Stus observations on the demands of our interviewers remains accurate). A description of the current interview process is posted here.   The deadline to contact your EC has passed for early action applicants. But if you are an early action applicant who has not yet contacted your EC, you should still do so! Your EC will still conduct an interview with you, write a report, and submit it as part of your application. With the deadline having passed, we cannot guarantee that your interview will be considered at the beginning of the early action round but it will be reviewed and added to your application when we receive it. Remember that our alumni interviewers are volunteers and have jobs, families, and other commitments. They sometimes travel or are otherwise unavailable for brief periods, and this can happen unexpectedly. If you have been trying to connect with your EC for some time and have been unable to reach him or her, please write to [emailprotected] and tell us; we will assign you to another EC who is available. Some of you may live in areas where we dont have alumni (or enough alumni so that we can accommodate everyones request for an interview). In these cases, your interview may be waived. (You should know that we pull out students whose interviews have been waived from the admit-rate statistics for applicants with interview vs. applicants without interview.) If your interview has been waived, you do have another option. If you will be visiting campus sometime this fall or winter, you can interview with an alum in the Boston/Cambridge area. You should write to [emailprotected] and tell us that you will be coming to campus well assign you to an EC in the vicinity of MIT. Note that you dont need to make a special trip here; this is only if you are planning to visit anyway. You should only take advantage of this if your interview was initially waived; if we have an EC available for you near your home, its best for you to interview with them. If you havent yet contacted your EC whether you are applying early or regular you should do so soon! And have fun with it!

Taking a Look at Capital Punishment - 2178 Words

Capital punishment also known as the death penalty is a sentence which requires the use of deadly force on high risk inmates. This form of punishment has become a controversial topic for many debates. 58 nations are currently using capital punishment in their justice systems, 97 countries have decided to abolish it completely. Canada decided to abolish capital punishment from the Canadian Criminal Code in 1976, and many argue whether the abolishment had any positive outcome on Canada’s justice system. Capital punishment has become a matter of disagreement in various countries around the world; the issue has even reached the attention of the United Nations. Over 60% of the world’s population live in countries where capital punishment is†¦show more content†¦Retribution assures society that justice will be served to those whom neglect the rights of others. Closure to the families is extremely important and capital punishment provides the families with justice plus it assures that the families will no longer appear in court. Once the criminal is sentenced to death, the families can start a new chapter in their lives, and be assured that the criminal will taste freedom. Studies have shown that families of murder and rape victims suffer great depression, stress, and a sense of neglect by their governments, years after the crime is committed. Also it’s unfair for the family members of these victims to pay taxes which are used to house, and care for the same criminal whom shattered their family. The federal money which is spent on life in prison cases up front is significantly lower than the costs of capital punishment, but overtime the life in prison cases become more costly, sometimes even 10 times more (Sharp 2). Also, inmates confined usually appeal countless times causing more costs than a convict under a death sentence. When an inmate is imprisoned with not much to do they will spend their time proving their innocents and eyeing for new evidence (Sutherland 1). According to the National post, the federal money spent on prisons has risen 86% since the Harper government took over in 2006. The millions of tax payer’s dollars which is being spent to keep vicious andShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Capital Punishment1003 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is a topic highly debated upon. For years the court systems have been debating whether the criminals deserve this strict punishment or not. However, despite the verdict from the judge, people have still been divided on whether capital punishment does more harm than good. A major subject that comes up is if the government has a justifiable reason for killing convicted people. Some only look at the negative but there are plenty of reasons why this is a positive action. Capital punishmentRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment677 Words   |  3 Pagesdeath penalty for alleged criminals in the United States needs to change because there is an unacceptable number of posthumous exonerations, and a negative generational impact on the family of the accused. The death penalty is a common method of capital punishment in the United States, used mainly for serious crimes such as murder. Currently, there are five different authorized methods of execution in this country: hanging, electrocution, lethal gas, firing squad, and lethal injection. Of these five,Read MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment1004 Words   |  4 PagesFurman had four main arguments: most western nations had abolished capital punishment because it was an unsuccessful way to deter crime; juries only handed out about 100 death penalties each year, and only about 50 prisoners were sentenced to death so capital punishment was not being issued objectively; national prison records stated that executions almost always involved black prisoners; and the only reason why capital punishment had not been abolished in the United States is because legislaturesRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment1080 Words   |  4 Pages Since 1608, legal systems have used capital punishment as justice. â€Å"As of November 2014, 32 states have the death penalty. There have been a total of 1348 executions from January 1977 to the end of 2014† (capitalpunishmentuk). The capital punishment only affects those who sentenced in the crime of rape or murder. The most popular death method is lethal injection. There are other options such as â€Å"electrocution, hanging, shooting, and the gas chamber† (capitalpunishmentuk) but theses alternativeRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment606 Words   |  2 PagesWould you rather want the murderer of your loved one to have a capital punishment or do you want them to spend their entire life in a prison cell? That question raises a lot of controversy to the public because of the capital punishment. To prevent criminals from killing they are given a capital punishment who has committed horrendous crimes to satisfy oneself, but many people think that criminals shou ldnt be given death penalty because it decreases the value of life. In the article â€Å"Death andRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment764 Words   |  3 PagesDeath penalty is also known as capital punishment. Capital Punishment is a penalty of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime. The death penalty was established in America in 1608. The British influenced America to use the death sentence. The first recorded practice of the death penalty in America was to Caption George Kendall in Virginia, he was found guilty of being a spy for Spain. However, the death penalty came long before Captain George Kendall. The first establishedRead MoreCessation of Life: Who are we to choose?- A look into the Death Penalty686 Words   |  3 Pages The topic of capital punishment is a hot one. Human beings are capable of doing some monstrous things. For a victim of a heinous crime, sometimes the only justice seems to be an eye for an eye. And most of the time those victims look to our court systems to provide that justice. But is death the answer? I believe that with human fallibility and the fallibility of our court system as variables, that a sentence that cannot be overturned should not be passed down in any case, especially when thatRead MoreA Hanging By George Orwell1141 Words   |  5 Pagesconvey his argument against capital punishment. Orwell as an officer of the law is sworn to enforce the laws of the state, even if he disagrees with them morally. Orwell wrote â€Å"A Hanging† using an event he acted in to describe his point on why capital punishment is a crime against nature. Although as a police man he could not oppose the law, his story â€Å"A Hanging†, Orwell shows his opposition through many s ymbolic forms. Like Orwell I too am against capital punishment, by writing â€Å"A Hanging† GeorgeRead More Capital Punishment Essay - Justice in Retribution1470 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment: Justice in Retribution       The American government operates in the fashion of an indirect democracy. Citizens live under a social contract whereby individuals agree to forfeit certain rights for the good of the whole. Punishments for crimes against the state are carried out via due process, guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The use of capital punishment is decided by the state, which is legal in thirty-seven states. It is a moral imperative to protect the states rightsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Capital Punishment906 Words   |  4 PagesWhen talking about social injustices, capital punishment is the worst one of all. It is the final straw of any government sanctioned disciplinary action. There is no going back, no reversing or patching up mistakes. When a government makes the decision to exact capital punishment on someone, that’s it. They can no longer redeem themselves, atone for their sins, and try to contribute to society in a good, well-mannered way because they will no longer exist i n this world. This act of ‘justice’ is clearly

Welfare Fraud A Black Woman - 1289 Words

People developed over time with the help of the media, the label of the black mother who lives on welfare, yet is able to afford a Cadillac. Her name was Linda Taylor, a Chicagoan who was infamously known to changing her name numerous times, participating in welfare fraud, and ultimately living a well-off life based on her scams. The Chicago Tribune was the first to refer to Taylor as being a â€Å"welfare queen.† Media and politics stereotyped the â€Å"welfare queen† as a black woman who takes advantages of taxpayers and the system. This negative stereotype is socially constructed term that wrongly describes people, specifically women, who are blamed for collecting an unfair amount of welfare payments through fraud or scamming. During the early 1960s, welfare fraud became increasingly popular and was featured in numerous magazines. It wasn’t until Ronald Reagan ran for president in 1976 on the platform of fixing welfare problems and used the Chicagoan wom an as an example, without explicitly saying her name, to demonstrate welfare fraud that the phrase became popular. Since then, the defaming label applied to poor mothers has been associated with gender and racial implications, further shaping the discourse of welfares’ effects on poverty. The â€Å"welfare queen† can be analyzed by two competing explanations: Oscar Lewis’s theory of the culture of poverty and the social construction of race, also known as racial formation. Oscar Lewis (1959) in his book, Five Families: MexicanShow MoreRelatedWelfare Should Be Temporary. Essay680 Words   |  3 Pagescause is not hard to find. Welfare should be temporary. One of Americas biggest misconceptions about public assistance is that of people on welfare. Rita Jensen, an investigative journalist in New York city and a former welfare recipient states that, [W]hen one says Welfare mother the listener hears black welfare mother. This is a skewed perception that leads to an ongoing underlying racial motive against the welfare program. In general, when speaking about welfare most Americans believe itRead MoreIs White Privilege A Real Thing?2014 Words   |  9 Pagescolor. Throughout history, and even in todays society, white privilege has been an issue that many people of color have discussed. For example, research shows that white people are much less likely to be arrested and jailed compared to black people, even though blacks only make up 30% of the population, they make up 60% of the prison population. White privilege and the advantages received through colorism is very much evident even now in current times. One argument often presented from whiteRead MoreModern American Liberalism Supporting Welfare Programs Essay1959 Words   |  8 PagesProfessor Britney Arnel Federal Government 1 November 2016 Modern American Liberalism Supporting Welfare Programs Modern Liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in America today. This philosophy strongly endorses public spending on programs such as education, health care, and welfare. Some of these programs are important for the American people today, but welfare and welfare fraud is a concern for all of us. Americans blame government handouts for persistent poverty in the UnitedRead MoreA Brief History of Animal Abuse and Cruelty Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesIn October of 2012, a Jack Russell Terrier puppy named Phoenix was set on fire in Buffalo N.Y. The woman who discovered him was attracted by black smoke. She managed to put out the the flames with her sweater and proceeded to rush him to a small animal hospital with severe burns over his whole body and a serious ankle infection. Although he lost 60% off of both of his ears he maintained almost complete mobility of his leg. He still has a slight limp. Judi Bunge, a senior vet technician at BuffaloRead MoreEssay Th e Abuse of the Welfare System9684 Words   |  39 PagesWelfare was established by the Social Security Act of 1935, and administered by individual states and territories for the government to help poverty stricken children and other dependent persons. Wicipedia defines welfare as money paid by the government to those who are in need of financial assistance, are unable to work, or whose circumstances mean the income they require for basic needs is in excess of their salary (Welfare (financial aid)). This program helped many families survive during TheRead MoreState Crime, Rape, And Victimization2011 Words   |  9 PagesThis is state crime against migrate workers via state members. Trafficking is defined as, â€Å"the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring of receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power, or of a position of venerability, or of the giving or receiving of pay ments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation† (Fichtelberg, 2007)Read MoreConsumer Protection : Issues And Trends Essay2183 Words   |  9 Pagesawareness level. Consumer rights could be protected in a competitive economy only when right standards for goods and services for which one makes payment are ensured by evolving a network of institutions and legal protection system. Ensuring consumer welfare is the responsibility of the government as every citizen of the country is a consumer in one way or the other. The present paper attempts an analytical, critical and synthetic examination of â€Å"consumer protection in India†. Introduction Read MoreA Case Of State Crime3045 Words   |  13 PagesThis is state crime against migrate workers via state members. Trafficking is defined as, â€Å"the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring of receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception of the abuse of power or of a position of venerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation† (Fichtelberg, 2007). Read MoreThe Sociological Imagination: The Effect of Personal Experiences on the Public 3986 Words   |  16 Pagesindividualistic theory of poverty; he was a severe critic of the poor and showed no sympathy towards their plight. He firmly believed that individuals were poor because they were too lazy to work and thought that individuals should be responsible for their own welfare; therefore, if they could not be bothered to work they should not be able to eat.   Spencer coined the phrase ‘survival of the fittest’ and stated that to enable society to grow the individuals who worked hard should reap the rewards, whilst the lazyRead More The Handicapped Poor in America Essays3222 Words   |  13 Pagespopulation (10-20 percent of the United States population is disabled), the disabled poor encounter setbacks in their struggle to succeed in a world where one’s worth is often judged by one’s economic and educational attainment. A blind and impoverished woma n from Eastern Europe directly states that the disabled poor depend on everyone; no one wants us. We are like garbage that everyone wants to get rid of (Wolfensohn 1). Far from the thoughts of many in the social hierarchy, including the healthy working

Cause of Increasing Crime Rate in Cambodia Free Essays

Cause of increasing crime rate in Cambodia: -Poverty: because most of the poor don’t have enough money to get education and food, so they will do whatever for getting food without thinking well like rob or steal someone. -Imbalance between rich and poor: As we can see in our social, there are a lot of poor people and the gap between rich and poor is very far. The rich have many cars in their house but the poor don’t have any cars even food to eat. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause of Increasing Crime Rate in Cambodia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus they will think it is not fair and try to steal or rob something from the rich. Lack of law power: in Cambodia, the law is not powerful and doesn’t fit with the crime so the offenders are not afraid of the law. For instance, some offenders who commit the rape just pay the compensation rather than go to jail. -Too much influence of another culture: Nowadays another culture has influenced to our society very much such as clothes, movie, song, and so on. Therefore, many girls like wearing sexy clothes as the same as foreigners do which makes men want to have a sex then they commit the rape. Solution: Eliminate poverty: build many schools at rural area and no need the school fee so the poor can get the education for their future. Moreover, improve the rural condition because it can provide jobs for people to earn money to support themselves and their family. -Strengthen the law power: Make the law serious for people who commit the crime and make it fit to the types of crime so it can deters the people from committing or repeating the crime. -Prevent some bad influence of another culture: Prevent the porn movies traffic from outside or from internet because it is the cause of increasing rape crime. How to cite Cause of Increasing Crime Rate in Cambodia, Papers

Italian Renaissance Essays (800 words) - Renaissance Art

Italian Renaissance As the fourteenth century ushered out the Middle Ages in Italy, a new period of cultural flowering began, known as the Renaissance. This period in history was famous for its revival of classical themes and the merging of these themes with the Catholic Church. These themes of humanism, naturalism, individualism, classicism, and learning and reason appeared in every aspect of the Italian Renaissance, most particularly in its art. Humanism can be defined as the idea that human beings are the primary measure of all things (Fleming, 29). Renaissance art showed a renewed interest in man who was depicted in Renaissance art as the center of the world. Pico della Mirandola said that, "there is nothing to be seen more wonderful than man." (Fleming, 284) This could almost be taken as a motto for Renaissance art. Michelangelo's David clearly supports Mirandola's statement. Since Renaissance art focused on representing tangible, human figures, rather than depicting scenes from the Bible in order to praise God, the artists had to think in more natural, scientific terms. Artists became familiar with mathematics and the concept of space, as well as anatomy. Lorenzo Ghiberti studied the anatomical proportions of the body, Filippo Brunelleschi was interested in mathematics in architecture, Leone Battista Alberti, who was skilled in painting, sculpture and architecture, stressed the study of mathematics as the underlying principle of the arts (Fleming, 285). Leonardo also looked at the geometric proportions of the human body (Calder, 197). In painting, but especially in sculpture, artists were inspired to express the structural forms of the body beneath its external appearance. Their anatomical studies opened the way to the modeling and the movements of the human body. In painting, naturalism meant a more realistic representation of everyday objects. In Fra Angelico's Annunciation, he shows an exact reproduction of Tuscan botany (Wallace, 237). Also, the concept of space was important. In painting, figures were placed in a more normal relationship to the space they occupied. Human figures tended to become more personal and individual. Three clear examples of that are Donatello's David, and Leonardo's Mona Lisa and Last Supper, in which the twelve different expressions of the apostles were shown. Every statue, every portrait was an individual person who made a profound impression. Mary and the angel Gabriel became very human in Fra Angelico's Madonna (Wallace, 45). Even when placed in a group, every individual figure stood out separately, as in Boticelli's Adoration of the Magi. One form of art representing the individual was the portrait. Wealthy families and individuals commissioned artists to create statues and paintings. High regard for individual personality is demonstrated in the number and quality of portraits painted at this time (Flemming, 286). Italian Renaissance humanism were motivated by a rediscovery of the values of Greco-Roman civilization. An example of architectural revival is Bramante's Tempietto, a small temple built where St. Peter is said to have been crucified. Bramante later got a chance to build on a much greater scale: St. Peter's Basilica. Clearly using classical civilizations as his model Bramante said of St. Peter's, "I shall place the Pantheon on top of the Basilica of Constantine." (Flemming, 309-310) Other architects went back to the central-type churches modeled on the Pantheon, rather than the rectangular basilica that had evolved over the centuries. They revived classical orders and "blueprints." Decorative motifs were derived directly form ancient sacophagi, reliefs, and carved gems. Sculptors revisited the possibilities of the nude. Painters, however, didn't have the classical references that sculptors had, so they used mythological subjects. With all of the studying and learning of art in the Renaissance, it would be of little wonder that the subject of some of the art was learning itself. The most famous example of this is Raphael's School of Athens. Raphael, along with Michelangelo, was placed in the painting among the ranks of artist-scholars. As members of a philosophical circle intent on reconciling the views of Plato and Aristotle, Raphael and his friends reasoned that Plato and Aristotle were saying the same thing in different words. The two philosophers were placed on either side of the central. On Plato's side, there was a statue of Apollo, the god of poetry. On Aristotle's side there was one of Athena, goddess of reason. Spreading outward on either side were groups corresponding to the separate schools of thought within the two major divisions (Barrett, 87). No matter what theme of the Italian Renaissance is named, there is always some example of a corresponding art manifestation of it. For humanism it was David, for naturalism it was Annunciation, for individualism, it