Master and the Margaritas – an Analysis of “Bezdomny”

The Master and the Margarita â€Å"Locomotor and speech excitation, delirious interpretations, complex case, it seems. Schizophrenia plus alcoholism, disturbed imagination and hallucinations†. This was doctor Stravinsky’s diagnosis of Ivan Nikolayevich Ponyrov after his super natural encounters with Professor Woland. Ponyrov, also known as â€Å"Homeless† is a character of character of great interest especially on the topic of magical realism and the lunacy institutionalized belief systems in Soviet Russia as well as the modern western society, that make Ponyrov one of Bulgakov’s most interesting characters.This paper is interested in exploring the role of Ponyrov in Michael Bulgakov’s The Master and Margaritas with the focus on what kind of social representation Ponyrov was intended to represent in the novel. This paper is constructed in attempt to relate the historical relevance of phantasmagoria characters from The Master and Margeritas to its pa rallel narratives in 1930s Russia, showing that the character of Ponyrov is a reflection victimization of societal and institutional absurdity such as Stalin’s Great Purge during the early years of Soviet Russia.The story of The Master and Margaritas took place in 1930s Moscow, though the story is restricted to neither the realm of reality nor this specific time period as the story blends and weaves between the story of Jesus in ancient Roman Empire and industrial Russia. The novel’s beginning holds particular importance in understanding Ponyrov (or â€Å"homeless†) as introduce the reader to two worlds, both full of censorship and political prosecution.Before the Devil’s introduction as a foreign Professor name Woland, this world seemed to follow the laws of physics, thus at the beginning of the novel it seemed to be a realist story, complying with modern communist and realist doctrines on gothic literature. The story eventually morphs two fantastic real ms as Professor Woland slyly brought in several fantastic/theological elements to atheist-anti religious believers such as our character of focus, Ivan Nikolayevich Ponyrov. This no doubt created disbelief and tension between the non-believers (Berlioz and Bezdomny).It is at this point when some of the Omni-type qualities in Bezdomny are first reveled. Bezdomny, in his reaction to seeing what happened to Berlioz and his dialog with the Devil showed us he is the character type that represents; a believer in the status quo, which at the time was the atheist outlook on the existence of Jesus Christ; a law abiding citizen and a defender of soviet beliefs. Later when he went on his unfortunate adventure to confirm what he experienced to the authorities, Bezdomny was sent to a mental institutional.It is this betrayal of a society toward an individual when the individual has done nothing wrong. Bulgakov was very conscious of the fear of political prosecution in Soviet Russia during the tim e he wrote The Master and Margaritas as he himself fear the implications his novel would have for him. Therefore it is very interesting to focus on the subtle hints of political advocacy rebelling against the state. Back in the story the chaos induced by Satan disguised as Professor Rowland Satan, ominously flipped Ponyrov’s world upside down, creating horrible internally confusions in Ponyrov.Having just being confronted that his core belief in religion false and later having had to witness the horrific death of someone he knew, his reaction to all these changes are arguably the most relatable and seemingly sensible from the perspective of a rational reader. Yet, his misfortune had only began, Ponyrov was condemned insane and segregated from ‘normal’ society by the society he thought to be fair and rational. As a young poet, who before the strange events at Patriarch Pond was still a promising poet who is living a good life or a life without prosecution.It is th e sudden change in the story we see not only the introduction of magic realism in the novel but it also shows the drastic change of reality for many political activists, intelligentsias, and academics in Russia since the October Revolution. That particular demography is presented in Bezdomny. Bulgakov’s excellence in this piece is his ability to avoid political prosecution for his own work and through satire and the disguise of a ‘alter reality’ to construct a realistic representation of soviet political prosecution during Stalin’s censorship and political purge.Bulgakov was not able to publish ‘The Master and Margaritas’ as he would have liked because he too was a victim of Soviet censorship. This piece was first rejected by the editorial board as it was too radical at the time and the publish version was only submitted after editing many potentially offensive parts to the Soviet Government. The theme of censorship is quite noticeable and by understanding Bulgakov’s history and his own personal relationship dealing with censorship, its evident the â€Å"master† in the story is really Bulgakov himself.The master and Bezdomny were both considered insane by their society, and the standard qualification for admission in a mental institution is a reflection on the standard, which the editorial board qualify as work accepted or work rejected. Bulgakov tried to show that the two institutions, editorial board and mental institution is really both a method of censorship and political purge. In the logical of a paranoid dictator, Stalin was be very sensitive about individuals thinking ‘outside the box’ , especially a creative and provocative writer like Bulgakov.The most provocative element in creating Bezdomny as a character is probably his interactions with the master in the mental institution they were both forced to attend. At this point in the novel, the readers should already have a firm understan ding that neither Bezdomny nor the Master actually have any mental illness. The conversations between Bezdomny and the Master over the Master novel seemed coherent and logical. As to the magical elements that made them seem crazy, Bezdomny especially was not the archetype but merely the observer of absurdities that were happening around him which made him seem crazy.It is this powerful mental experiment that Bulagkov embark the readers on so we are conditioned to resonate with Bezdomny in feeling helpless and wronged. As a reader, it was difficult not to feel trapped and powerless while reading this section, and this is in part a product of the form of narration Bulgakov uses in the novel. The story, apart from dialogs between characters is told in through mostly an omniscient narrator, whom the readers have no knowledge of. The combination of the narration techniques Bulgakov used was able to achieve a cinematic reading experience as one follow through the four short days the story cover.

Alliances of Ww1

Intro- Throughout history there has been many conflicts between groups of people that have threatened peace in many nations and regions. One of these conflicts was world war 1 which involved many countries that sided with one another against each other. There were many causes to this conflict that started all the fighting between the nations. Each country has their own view on who's fault it was and if it was handled correctly. This war only caused many casualties and economic problems for countries which could of easily been avoided. 1st paragraph –Alliances were a major cause of the conflicts between countries in WW1 The original disagreement was between Serbia and Austria-Hungry over the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand. A Serb terrorist group were the ones to kill Ferdinand even though Austria-Hungry assumed it was the Serbian government who did the assassination. Austria asked Germany if they would back then up in a war if they fought Serbia. This was the start to all of the alliances in Europe. Then Russia told Serbia that they would back them up in war which now 4 countries are involved in the war.The sides ended up with Austria, Germany, and Italy called that central powers. Then they were fighting against the allied powers formed of Great Britain, France, Russia, And the U. S. All of the alliances ended up making this war bigger then many excepted it to be. Also have a reason for countries to build up their army so that they will win the war. Great Britain said that they would make their navy two times stronger then any navy in the world. At the same time the Germans were building up their own army on land. Once they started the war it was almost forgotten what had started the war and why they were fighting.Countries that had nothing to do with Austria and Serbia's disagreement were joining the war just for the chance if winning and gaining more colonies. If the battle only stayed between the Austrians and the Serbs much of this could have been avoided. 2nd paragraph There are many was that you can look at how the the war was played out. One view point of the war was Germany's and its strange how they thought about the war. At the end of the war the Germans were obviously loosing and there was no way of getting out of it. Although at the same time Woodrow Wilson had thought up the 14 points.These were rules / laws to what would happen once the war was over. Some of it stated that no one would be called the â€Å"loser† of the war. Germany was obviously happy with this because now they just got out of loosing a war badly. Also it stated everyone would lose their colonies and no one would have anymore. This was also great for Germany because they were going to lose their colonies either way, but now that other countries lose them also thats a little better. All the countries got together to discuss about the 14 points and other things forming the treaty of Versailles.Once they started discussing about the tr eaty it did not look good for Germany. In the treat it says Germany will get its colonies taken away and given to France and Great Britain. They were unhappy cause the 14 points said no one has colonies. The treaty also made Germany pay war reparations to many of the countries with great loss. The Germans did not have much money after the war to begin with and now are forced to pay money to nations who fought against them. Finally Germany had to take blame for all of WW1 which was a bit extreme the Germans thought.There are many countries that contributed to WW1 and to put all the blame on Germany's shoulders did not seem right to them. That was the biggest upset to the Germans that they were blamed for the war even though they did the same thing as the other countries in the war. 3rd paragraph – In war there are 2 different stories to the side of the war. Great Britain in the war was going against the Germans and their view point was different. Britain were the ones winning the war before it was ended. The U. S. joined in at the end securing the victory for the allied powers.Woodrow Wilson brought his idea of the 14 points to Europe which Great Britain disliked. They did not like the 14 points because they would not be given credit for wining the war. Great Britain believed that since they won the war the credit should go to them, it would only be fair. Under the 14 points it also say's that there will be no more colonies. Great Britain was excepting more colonies for them since they had won the war. This is a surprise to Britain and did not like the ideas that Woodrow Wilson had came up with.When they treaty of versailles was composed the laws were very different. Germany was blamed for the war which was implying that Germany were the losers of the war. The treaty was also intended to take away colonies except Great Britain and France were able to keep their own. This was because they were the ones composing the treaty and made it good for themselves. It turned out that since Great Britain was such a major power in Europe that they made the rules. They were the ones making the decisions at the resolution of WW1. 4th-pargraphAt the end of WW1 many countries were still uneasy with the outcome of the war. The treat to end the war was called the treaty of Versailles and this decided how the end of the war would be concluded. The conflict between the countries was definitely not resolved, there were many countries dissatisfied after the war ended. Many of these countries were upset because of how the treaty of Versailles was made up. The only two countries satisfied with the treaty were Great Britain and France because they decided what would be in it.For a fair treaty you should have all of the countries that would be involved in the meeting. Leaving nations such as Germany out of the meeting causes them to get angry and most likely disobey the treaty. If all countries were allowed to attend the meeting and speak their own opinion. This war could have been settled in a more organized fashion that would have avoid any countries being agervated. I do not think this war was resolved, but easily could have if the right choices were made during makeing the treaty of Versailles.Conclusion – History has had its many conflicts between groups of people that have disagreed with each other . The conflicts of world war 1 which we're mainly caused by alliances nations made with one another. Many reasons lead to the fighting of world war 1 . At the end of the war if the treaty that settled the fighting was fair less countries would still be unhappy . Once World War 1 ended the death and destruction that came about was incredible , all could have been avoided with more precautions.

A Comparison of Robert Frosts Fire and Ice and the Mending Wall

A Comparison of Robert Frost's Fire and Ice and the Mending Wall Robert Frost was a successful poet for many reasons. He was well known for the diction used in all his poems. Along with diction, he was widely known for the complexity of his poems. Imagery also was key in many of Frost poems because of the way he described events, people and places. He appealed to many Americans because of the life lessons told in many of his poetry. In all, Frost was one of the most popular poets in America’s history. The diction in Frost’s poems stood out to many of his readers because of the elementary language he used, which made his poems easy to understand. To make his poetry easy to understand, he ventured away from difficult words. The elementary diction was shown in â€Å"Fire and Ice† and â€Å"The Mending Wall†. â€Å"Fire and Ice† is an example where the diction draws attention to a certain concept or idea for the reader to understand. When Frost uses the antonym words â€Å"fire† and â€Å"ice†, he is making a point to the reader that the words are representation of love and hate. In â€Å"The Mending Wall†, there are examples of elementary diction that noticeably portrays Frost intentional word choices. Frost says that, â€Å"there where it is we do not need the wall†(Frost 23). Another focal point is Frost’s poetry was complexity. The messages of his poems are interesting because he does not usually talk about the main idea directly but by using figurative language to get his ideas across. Frost was also commonly known for writing different types of poems like his most humorous one, â€Å"Home Burial†. One of Frost’s most complex poems is â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, Frost uses complex metaphors to describe the story within the poem. â€Å"Two roads diverge in a wood, and I took the one less traveled by† (Frost 19). When Frost uses a metaphor about the â€Å"two roads that diverge†, he is referring to the two paths in life that there are to take. Imagery in Frost poems was extremely vivid to describe events, people and places. Frost often related nature imagery with romantic views. In â€Å"Desert Places†, Frost uses snow to describe an image of loneliness. For example, the word â€Å"snow† is described as expressionless, â€Å"A blanker whiteness of benighted snow/ with no expression, nothing to express†(Frost 12). â€Å"Birches† is a typical example of the use of nature imagery that Frost uses to talk about the dislikes of the pressures of social life. While Frost does not specify exactly which burden he is targeting, the reader can easily piece together enough evidence from various parts of the poem to depict Frost’s meaning. When Frost compares ice to crystal shells, he uses descriptive words to enhance the image to the reader. The words â€Å"shattering and avalanching† (Frost 11) are used to enhance a visual image for the reader. Robert Frost was most famous for the way that he structured and managed his career. Frost became most popular because of the stories told within his poetry. In Frost poetry, he avoided any explicit language. He also did not discuss the economy or anything dealing with politics. Many other Americans became aware of who Frost because he was the first American poet to read poetry at John F. Kennedy’s inauguration. He read â€Å"The Gift Outright†, which was a poem that was written especially for the inauguration. In all, Frost was known for the elementary diction that he used in all of his poetry. Along with diction, he was widely known for the complexity of his poems. His use of imagery was descriptive in a way that it painted a picture for his readers. The life lessons that were depicted in his poems were one of many reasons why Americans favored him. Altogether, Frost was one of the most popular poets in America’s history.

In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) Lord Atkin attempted to create a basic Essay

In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) Lord Atkin attempted to create a basic principle which could be used in all cases to decide whether or not duty of care is owed t - Essay Example of Murphy v Brentwood DC3 overruled this two fold test laid out in Anns and the liability of a violater of a duty of care was assumed to go beyond merely monetary considerations. This is what finally led to the development of the duty of care owed by every person towards another as laid out in the case of Caparo v Dickman4, which is the foundation of most tort cases today, with some contractual breaches also falling under the tortious breach of duty of care. The case of Donaghue v Stevenson5 was one of the first cases to establish the fact that remedies could exist in tort on the basis that all owe â€Å"a duty of care† to â€Å"their neighbor† and Lord Tomlin stated that â€Å"†¦acts or omissions which any moral code would censure cannot in a practical world be treated so as to give a right to every person injured by them to demand relief.† On the basis of a moral principle that every person owes a duty to other people because they are neighbours, Lord Atkin refined this further by clarifying a duty of care that one owes to a neighbor as follows: â€Å"The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour†¦.you must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.†6 The case of Donaghue laid out the general principle that since every person owed others a duty of care based upon the fact that they were neighbors, therefore any breach of that duty could prove to be adequate grounds for seeking damages. However, the criteria and qualifications of this duty of care were explored in the economic context in the case of Anns v Merton Borough London Council7 wherein it was held that economic losses caused by a breach of contract that occurred through negligence would be valid and actionable under tort law. A two way test was set out in this case as follows: (a) was there a sufficient neighbour relationship or a level of proximity between the two

The potato chip industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The potato chip industry - Essay Example The change in the market structure of the potato chip industry will have a few effects upon the stakeholders. A monopoly market structure tends to risk the freedom of the consumer, but businesses can enjoy the advantages of a pure monopoly while at the same time protecting the consumer from subsequent exploitation characteristic of a monopoly. Characteristics of a Competitive Monopoly A monopoly competition is characterized by a number of distinct values. Normally, there exists a number of small businesses that produce identical goods but with minimal differences. These small firms end up having competition for their products in the market. Some of the hurdles that entrants of a business line or an industry experience include barriers involving government policies, creation of demand for products, research and development costs, and start-up and so on. However, in the case of a competitive monopoly, the firms involved do not have experience these (Ackerman, Goodwin & Weissskopf, 2009 ). Due to the demand created for their products. More often than not, demand exceeds supply for the product in question and therefore the business try to compete for a larger share of available demand. In relation to this, the potato chip industry had a monopolistic competition for their products before the lawyers came and took over the industry. The market structure for the potato chip industry experienced minimal price control due to the reason that it was a competitive monopoly. Effects of Pure Monopoly to the Stakeholders Every business has a number of stakeholders, who may have interest in the company due to one or more reasons. The stakeholders of any company include, but are not limited to consumers, suppliers, government, creditors and owners/shareholders. A pure monopoly market affects the stakeholders in different ways depending on the benefits that they attain from their relationship with the company (Hall & Liberman, 2001). When the two lawyers bought up the entire indu stry, they wanted to be able to exercise pure monopoly in the potato chips industry in Northwest region. Particularly being the sole owners of the entire industry in the region, the partners are able to enjoy price control to the detriment of the consumers of this product. This way they can maximize their profits. The consumers of the potatoes in the Northwest region will have several major adverse effects from the monopolistic practices of Wonk Company. Firstly, the prices of the potato chips will shoot up meaning that the consumers will spend more for the same products that were once affordable. For the reason that Wonk Company does not experience competition, it is possible that the products will decline in quality and as a consequence the consumers will suffer the effect. The suppliers from whom the potato chip businesses bought their products will also experience a hit. Wonk Company will attempt to practice price control of the products that they acquire from their suppliers. A s a result, many of the suppliers such as farmers will have to look for alternative markets for their potatoes. Otherwise, Wonk will buy the products at low prices and farmers will suffer the effects of the monopolistic market. Impacts of Monopoly on Prices, Output and Efficiency Davies puts forward the fact that

QDB SME Toolkit GAP Analysis Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

QDB SME Toolkit GAP Analysis Report - Assignment Example However, the document does not deal with the solution of the gaps that are identified in the document. Today, each and every decision from starting a new business to deciding future or improving an existing business is based on availability, accuracy and quality of information. Keeping in view an importance of information the Qatar Development Bank (QDB) developed a toolkit to facilitate the entrepreneurs for starting a new business or to improve an existing business. QDB is a Government entity having responsibility of supporting and developing local Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s) in Qatar. QDB designed and developed SMEs toolkit that is an online counseling service to serve the desires and requirements of Qatari private sector. It is particularly intended to assist an entrepreneur for establishing a new successful small or medium enterprise. It provides an entrepreneur online guidance and information regarding step-by-step business planning, requirements for opening a particular business and checklists. Currently, the QDB toolkit provides information of ten (10) busines s categories that includes Accounting and Finance, Business Planning, Human Resources, International Business, Legal and Insurance, Marketing and Sales, Operations, Technologies, Woman-Owned Businesses and Market Overview. Particularly, the purpose of producing this document is to provide information regarding the existing services currently provided by QDB for the SMEs through the toolkit, The objectives of Supreme Council of Information and Communication Technology (ictQATAT) for development of the toolkit, the facilities that are being provided to the entrepreneurs, suggestions for improvement through a thorough GAP analysis along with prevailing best practices for such toolkits. The document compares the performance and usage of the currently designed and developed QDB toolkit and desired future state of the QDB toolkit provided

Newmont Mining Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Newmont Mining Corporation - Essay Example Newmont also has many joint venture relationships with different countries around the globe. Newmont Mining Corporation was founded 1916 in New York by Colonel William Boyce Thompson as a holding company which its main aim was to invest in worldwide mineral, oil, and related companies. The name â€Å"Newmont† is a portmanteau â€Å"new York† and â€Å"Montana† that is according to company lore and it reflects where the founder , Thompson, made his fortune and where he grew up. Interests overseas were then acquired over certified reasons and in about the middle of 20th century, it had a controlling interest in the Tsumeb mine in Namibia and in the O'Okiep Copper Company in Namaqualand, South Africa. Today, Newmont Corporation remains as the only standing gold company in the standard and poor’s 500 index (Newmont Company History, 2013). Since it is a mining company, it has established a set of tenets that cover human health, education and rights, community i nvolvement, transparency and accountability and local employment (Kotler & Lee, 2004). The firm’s initiative deals with education and health and most works in the company are done by the local people. This is because the company believes it has a duty to give back to the community. Newmont Company has received funding from the international finance corporation. However, it had to agree that it will fully comply with the international rules on safety and health, natural ecosystems, worker safety, handling of dangerous materials, proclamation programs and water resources. Through the company’s relocation initiative, it offered an important assistance to the local population in the sense that it helped them relocate to safer places, gave them priority in hiring of workers and engagement in numerous assistance initiatives administered the firm’s rural development initiative. It is also significant to note that the firm has engaged in reclamation programs in its mine in Peru but it encountered difficulty when the fragile alpine ecosystem made reclamation hard and expensive. Key stakeholders Newmont Mining Corporation has a wide listed number of stakeholders as stated below. Bruce R. Brook who currently serves as a Director for Boart Longyear Pty. Ltd., Programmed Group (as Chairman) and CSL Limited and also a member of the Financial Reporting Council in Australia and the Audit Committee of the Salvation Army (Southern Command, Australia). Vincent A. Calarco is Director of the Consolidated Edison and CPG International Inc. Mr. Calarco is Newmont's independent Chairman of the Board.he works with other stakeholders in Newmont. Joseph A. Carrabba is the Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Cliffs Natural Resources (formerly known as Cleveland-Cliffs Inc). Gary J. Goldberg who was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer and joined the Board of Directors of Newmont Mining Corporation on March 1, 2013. Veronica Hagen is Chief Exe cutive Officer and a member of the board of directors of Polymer Group, Inc. since April 2007. She currently serves on the Board of Directors for Southern Company. Simon R. Thompson is currently a non-executive director of Sandvik AB (Sweden) and Amec plc (UK). He was a non-executive director of AngloGold Ashanti Ltd (South Africa) from 2004 to 2008 and of United Company Rusal (Russia) from 2007 to 2009 (Newont Company History, 2013). Ethical issues in the case Ethics is an important aspect in a business organization. For a certain company to grow and achieve its visions, missions, targets or goals and objectives, it must set its ethics programs apart from the principles and rules governing it. Most common

A history of ultrasound physics and the properties of the transducer Research Paper

A history of ultrasound physics and the properties of the transducer - Research Paper Example Prior to the second World War, sonar, which is the technique of transmitting waves of sound through water and observing the echoes that return to characterize the objects that are submerged, was an inspiration to the pioneers of ultrasound investigators in exploring ways and in turn applying the medical diagnosis concepts. This paper will highlight the history of ultrasound and discuss the properties of transducers. History of ultrasound According to Orenstein, (2008) Pythagoras, popular for his theory about right-angled triangles was the pioneer of ultrasound, since he invented the sonometer, which was used to study musical sounds. Boethius (c. 480-c.525) was the first to give comparison between sound waves to waves that were produced when a pebble was dropped into calm water. Pierre Curie, a French physicist discovered piezoelectricity in 1877, the moment that ultrasound was conceived. Later on, as Orenstein continues to assert, sonographic imaging was developed by French professor and physicist Paul Lavengin. Many scientists had the desire to see inside the human body and in turn developed probes and scopes for diagnosis and treatment during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For instance, the discovery of X-rays by William Conrad in 1865 played an important role in the history of ultrasound. Moreover, in 1912, when the Titanic sank while on its maiden voyage made people to be curious in detecting submerged s ubstances. Like many other technological advances, ultrasound also owes its development to the World War. Lavengin was called upon by the French government to develop an object that was able to detect the sub marines of the enemy during the World War One. The device he invented applied the piezoelectric effect he had learned as Curies’ student (Orenstein, 2008). The transducer is one of the most critical componenets of any diagnostic ultrasound system. There exists various types of ultrasound transducers that can be chosen prior to performing an ultrasound investigation, therefore, much attention should be accorded towards choosing the most suitable transducer for the ultrasound application (Gibbs, Cole, & Sassano, 2009 p27). However, Lavengin did not complete the device he developed in 1917 so that it could be used during the First World War, but it indeed formed the basis of sonar detection that was developed in the World War II (Orenstein, 2008). In 1928, Sergei Sokolov, a Russian physicist made important suggestions that saw ultrasound being used for industrial purposes that included detecting flaws in metallic devices. Ultrasound is a new aspect in the field of medicine. For instance, in the 1920s and the 1930s, ultrasound was used by members of European football clubs as a physical therapy. Additionally, as reported by Orenstein, ultrasound was utilized in the sterilization of vaccines as well as for cancer therapy in conjunction with radiation therapy. Subsequently, in 1948, other ultrasound pioneers such as Douglas Howry subjected his efforts towards developing a B-mode equipment that compared pathology to cross-sectional anatomy. The late 60s and early 70s was the period of sonic boom. A 2D echo was pioneered by Klaus Bom. Don Baker, John Reid and Dennis Watkins were able to develop a pulsed Doppler in 1966, which was able to detect the flow of blood from the different corners of the heart. Real-time ultrasound was developed in

The Economies Of Italy And Austria Research Paper

The Economies Of Italy And Austria - Research Paper Example The country has a total land area of 301,230 square kilometers, of which land covers about 294,020 square kilometers. The climate of the country is predominantly Mediterranean, characterized by alpines in far north while it’s hot and dry in the south (Signorini, 2001). The terrain of the country is typically rugged and mountainous although there are some plains and coastal lowlands. Among the resources with which Italy is endowed are marble, sulfur, mercury, potash, fish, and coal. Although Italy has some crude oil reserves, the levels have been reported to be dwindling. Agriculturally, Italy uses about 32% of its land for arable farming, 10% for permanent crops, and 17% for meadows and pastures. Forest and woodland cover in the country accounts for about 22% of the land with the remaining portion being placed under other uses (Signorini, 2001). Italy also has several environmental issues including air pollution in the form of sulfur dioxide emission, water and land pollution by agricultural and industrial effluents, acid rain and poor waste treatment among other pollutants (McDonald, 1998). Economically, Italy is a rather diverse country, having a per capita yield almost equaling that of France or Great Britain. Austria, one of Italy’s neighbors, is one of the countries with which Italy’s economy may be compared. With its capital at Vienna, Austria covers an area of approximately 83,857 square kilometers and has a population of 1.71 million and an annual population growth rate of 0.4%, according to 2011 estimates. The other major and populous cities of Austria are Klagenfurt, Graz, Salzburg, Linz, and Innsbruck. Just like Italy. Austria’s terrain is composed majorly of alpines in the northern highlands and lowlands to the east. Interestingly, the most widely spoken language in Austria is German, used by about 90% of the population. This paper, thus, explores the economy of Italy and Austria and how the two countries are managing the economic crisis. Italy’s Economy The diversity in the Italian economy is first evidence in the difference between the economy of the south and that of the northern parts of the country. For instance, in the northern parts of Italy, the economy is quite capitalistic with the private companies representing the total productivity of the region (The Economist (US), 1999). On the contrary, in the south, the economy is less developed than in the north, which is more industrialized. The south’s economy is therefore more agriculturally oriented than in the north. In addition, the southern parts of Italy also experience unemployment rates as high as 20%. Nevertheless, the entire economy of Italy has recorded considerable growth in recent times as indicated by the improved imports of maximum raw materials and about 75% of its energy needs (Signorini, 2001). In this regard, Italy’s economic growth has supported employment, labor flexibility, and the restructuring of the h itherto costly pension systems. There are certain prominent features of the economy of Italy that are worth mentioning. First among these features is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which stood at $1.826 trillion in 2011, making Italy’s economy the sixth richest in the world. The prosperity and economic development of Italy could also be attributed to the fast industrial pace in Italy. In addition, the per capita income of the country

Ethical issues relating to ife Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical issues relating to ife - Essay Example 83 per cent of these abortions are conducted in the underdeveloped countries while the developed countries account for 17 per cent of these abortions. In such circumstances, study of ethics revives the need to behave ethically. A sound awareness of the principles of ethics is fundamental to the development of morally responsible people who would choose not to abort their children. Sterilization is the term used for killing. Generally, sterilization is used for killing microbes in eatables so that they can be made more hygienic. Killing the fetus is also sterilization. Two drugs, namely Methotrexate & Misoprostol which were previously used for the treatment of cancer and ulcer respectively are now increasingly being used for abortion. Methotrexate poisons the fetus. This is followed by the action of Misoprostol that empties the fetus’s uterus. Methotrexate is a very toxic drug which can kill the mother along with the baby. Hence, this is a very unethical act. Ethics is the study of principles, norms and values that are standardized and mutually accepted by scholars as conducive for the overall betterment of the society. Ethics inculcates a sense in people to make well-informed decisions in critical situations. Ethics tells how things should be manipulated in a given setting so that the individual and collective losses can be minimized and profitability of the job can be enhanced both for the individual and the nation as a whole. Ethics compels an individual to respect others’ rights while accomplishing his/her individualistic goals. Ethics disallows the use of such toxic drugs for conducting abortion. Contraception is the name of controlling pregnancy. Ethics committee plays a very important role in contraception in that it devises the methods to control pregnancy without any loss to the mother. â€Å"In the broadest general terms an ethics committee, satisfies the condition of the Federal Sentencing

Mac Os X Essay Example for Free

Mac Os X Essay The Mac OS X Panther operation system has met with both technical and commercial success. Since the debut of Mac OS X in 2001, its features have continued to improve. The initial system Mac OS X 10. 1 was originally shipped in September 2001 and was referred to as Puma; Jaguar, version 10. 2, was shipped in August 2002, and Panther, the current version, was shipped in October 2003. The focus of this paper is on the key technologies that have made Mac OS X Panther a technical success such as CPU scheduling, symmetric multiprocessing, memory protection, and virtual memory; we begin with an overview of the MAC OS X operating system. Overview of Mac OS X Panther Mac OS, from Apple Computer, can be considered two families of operating systems: the older and now unsupported classic Mac OS (the system that shipped with the first Mac in 1984 and its descendants, culminating with Mac OS 9), and the newer Mac OS X. Mac OS X Panther is a UNIX-based Operating System with the intuitive user interface called Aqua. The modern core UNIX-based Operating System brings benefits such as protected memory and preemptive multitasking to Macintosh computing. Mac OS X Panther also has a sparkling user interface capable of visual effects such as translucence and drop shadows. The central characteristic of the Mac OS X architecture is the layering of system software, with one layer having dependencies on, and interfaces with, the layer beneath it (see Figure 1-1). Mac OS X has four distinct layers of system software (in order of dependency): Application Environments consists of the frameworks, libraries, and services necessary for the runtime execution of programs developed with those API. Mac OS X currently provides five application (or execution) environments: Carbon, Cocoa, Java, Classic, and BSD Commands. Application Services incorporates the system services available to all application environments that have some impact on the graphical user interface. It includes Quartz, QuickDraw, and OpenGL as well as essential system managers. Core Services incorporates those system services that have no effect on the graphical user interface. It includes Core Foundation, Open Transport, and certain core portions of Carbon. Kernel Environment provides the foundation layer of Mac OS X. Its primary components are Mach 3. 0 and FreeBSD, but it also includes networking protocol stacks and services, file systems, and device drivers. The kernel environment offers facilities for developing device drivers (the I/O Kit) and loadable kernel extensions, including Network Kernel Extensions (NKEs). This integrated kernel environment is called Darwin and it is an Open Source technology available from www. apple. com/darwin. The following is the components that Mach 3. 0 and FreeBSD provide: Mach †¢ support for SMP †¢ untyped IPC and RPC memory management †¢ support for real-time services †¢ external pager †¢ modular architecture †¢ improved performance BSD †¢ file systems †¢ networking †¢ basic security policies such as user IDs and permissions †¢ the system framework a mechanism for exporting APIs to the application layers †¢ the BSD process model, including process IDs and signals †¢ FreeBSD kernel APIs †¢ Pthre ads (POSIX threads implementation) [pic] Figure 1-1 System Layer CPU Scheduling The kernel environment of Mac OS X, specifically Mach, provides the fundamental thread support. Mach maintains the register state of its threads and schedules them preemptively in relation to one another. In general, multitasking may be either cooperative or preemptive. Classic Mac OS implements cooperative multitasking which was not very intelligent. In cooperative CPU scheduling the OS requires that each task voluntarily give up control so that other tasks can execute, so unimportant but CPU-intensive background events might take up so much for a processor’s time that more important activities in the foreground would become sluggish and unresponsive. On the other hand, preemptive multitasking allows an external authority to delegate execution time to the available tasks. Mac OS X’s Mach supports preemptive multitasking in which it processes several different tasks simultaneously. To affect the structure of the address space, or to reference any resource other than the address space, the thread must execute a special trap instruction which causes the kernel to perform operations on behalf of the thread, or to send a message to some agent on behalf of the thread. In general, these traps manipulate resources associated with the task containing the thread. Mach provides a flexible framework for thread scheduling policies. Mac OS X supports both the multilevel feedback queue scheduling and round-robin (RR) scheduling algorithm. The multilevel feedback queue scheduling algorithm partitions the ready queue into several separate queues and allows a process to move between queues. In the multilevel feedback queue scheduling algorithm, each run queue has various priorities that are handled in different ways. A multilevel feedback queue scheduling thread’s priority is raised and lowered to balance its resource consumption against other threads. Round-robin threads execute for a certain time quantum (time slice), and then are put at the end of the queue of threads of equal priority. Setting a round robin thread’s quantum to infinity effectively makes the thread run-till-block within its priority. Mac OS X internally has 128 priority levels, ranging from 0 (lowest priority) to 127 (highest priority).

Education in Bolivia for the past 50 years Essay Example for Free

Education in Bolivia for the past 50 years Essay In the year 1989, education in Bolivia was not considered as a right by many people. However, it was observed as a means to control the lives of the masses by the ruling sector. The government restricted the release of funds to education because it gave more attention in other branches of the society. As a result, the illiteracy rate was very high. A country which has 13-14% illiteracy rate, Bolivia is regarded as the worst in the South Americas. The Bolivian government allocates 23% of its yearly budget to education which is actually the highest percentage in South American countries despite of its small budget. However, this did not help improve the literacy level of the country as a whole. According to the Bolivian National Statistics Institute in 2002, the rate of absolute literacy level is about 20%, functional literacy rate is about 35%, with totality of 55% only. There are about 11. 8% literacy rate in men were proven and this increases to a relatively high 27. 7% for women (Carlos Santander-Maturana, 2007). Nowadays, the absentee rate is very high learner for children in the primary school from six to eight years. It is comparably lower on children aged nine, but increases significantly when on children aged 12 (Santander-Maturana, C. 2007). A very familiar explanation for this growing dilemma is that the majority poor families, which comprise the leading portion in the Bolivian people, force their kids to stop from going to school in order to help their parents increase the family income. Similar thing is true to the other students who are in the secondary and tertiary level as is confirmed in Country Studies (2007): Only 1/3 of the first graders completed the 5th grade, 20% started secondary school, 5% began their postsecondary studies, and just 1% received a university degree. Dropout rates were higher among girls and rural children. Only about 40% of rural youngsters continued their education beyond the third grade (Country Studies, 2007). This astounding percentage is the worst among the South American countries and the government is now trying its best in combating this central problem in education. As years go by, parents of poor families started seeing education as a means to save them and their future generation from poverty. But as a family strives hard for survival, problems will always remain as problems no matter how they manage to resolve them. The current economic condition of the family is one of the many causes of their being illiterate. As of now, the literacy condition is getting more and more improved because people are paying much attention in education more than they did before. The government is also in support of the projects to make education better. Many programs are now laid out and are being implemented to secure the future of the country. The Bolivian style of education compared side by side with the United States’ is quite similar in a few ways. As what is stated in Encyclopedia Britannica (2007): Primary education for children 6 to 13 years of age is free and officially compulsory, although school attendance is difficult to enforce in some areas. Secondary education, lasting up to 4 years, is not compulsory. Most education is state-supported, but private institutions are permitted (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007). Education in the United States is funded mainly by the government in three levels: federal, state, and local. Primary education, which starts from 5-6 years old and secondary education are both compulsory. College education is still an option because there are still vocational and technical courses being offered by the state. Reading literacy rate in the US is as high as 98% being recognized as one of the best reading literacy all over the world.

Role of Magnesium in Health and Disease Processes

Role of Magnesium in Health and Disease Processes Health concerns have become a fundamental issue in the 21st century. People around the world are taking a more active role in matters concerning their health. The internet is loaded with information that is geared towards educating people on making healthier choices. Many factors come into play for the effective functioning of the body organs. Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium are minute and easily can be overlooked but the impact of a deficiency of one of them on the body can be fatal. There is a paucity of information available as concerns magnesium specifically. Most people are ignorant on the importance of this electrolyte and its interplay with human health and disease. Recent study findings indicate that the role of magnesium in health and diseases processes in the human body cannot be undermined. The study findings were published in the BMC Bioinformatics journal. Chemical processes in the body are mediated by hormones and enzymes. Enzymes are protein compounds that act as catalyst or controls for the various reactions. The enzymes do not work in isolation and require various co factors for effectual working. Magnesium acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes in the human body. Of particular importance is the subset of enzymes that are tasked with regulating the process of energy (ATP) formation and utilization. The study revealed that human proteins contained binding sites for magnesium. This being the case, a deficiency of magnesium would therefore affect a wider range of biological processes. The human DNA is the hereditary material that encodes genetic instruction used in the development and functioning of the human body. The DNA is responsible for synthesis of over 100,000 proteins. This is a highly specialized process. Each protein is coded for by a specific portion of DNA known as proteome. Recently discovered ‘magneseome’ is the portion of DNA that codes for the proteins that bind magnesium. Consequently, deficiency of magnesium will affect the synthesis of specific proteins in the body and have impact on health and disease. In the recent past calcium has become a popular electrolyte supplement advocated for by nutritionists and clinicians with all effort geared to avoiding or combating calcium deficiency. Calcium garnered its popularity after an inaccurate definition of osteoporosis by WHO despite contrary research findings that showed that excess calcium in the body increases risk of heart disease and subsequent mortality. Magnesium research. Information gathered from magnesium related studies has build up over the last 40 years with each year having about 2000 study findings published. Cumulatively, magnesium has been shown to have over 100 health benefits. The article will highlight several key therapeutic uses for magnesium. Fibromyalgia: this is a chronic disorder that causes muscle pain, joint tenderness and fatigue. Deficiency of magnesium is a common feature of patients with fibromyalgia. Magnesium malate composed of low doses of magnesium (50mg) mixed with malic acid has been shown to provide relief for the muscle pain and joint tenderness when administerd to fibromyalgia patients. Atrial fibrillation: this is a disorder of heart rhythm and can be fatal. Study findings revealed that magnesium supplements decrease atrial fibrillation when used in isolation or together with other drugs. Diabetes Type 2: results from study conducted in 2007 found that 13.5-47.7% of patients with type 2 diabetes have magnesium deficiency. Long term complications of diabetes include peripheral neuropathy and coronary artery disease. Research has shown that patients with lower intracellular magnesium levels are likely to develop the fore mentioned complications. Oral supplementation with magnesium has been shown to be of immense benefit to patients. It results in reduction in fasting glucose, increasing levels of HDL, improving sensitivity to insulin and better metabolic control. Premenstrual syndrome: magnesium insufficiency has been found to be a common feature of women who suffer from premenstrual syndrome. Expectedly, magnesium has been shown to ease fluid retention, a common feature of premenstrual syndrome. In the course of a 3 month study period, women aged 18-45 were given 250mg of magnesium daily. The results showed that there was a roughly about a 34% reduction in symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome. Together with vitamin B6, magnesium supplementation has been shown to alleviate premenstrual symptoms that are related to anxiety. Cardiovascular disease and mortality: low magnesium levels correspond to an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease. Magnesium confers a protective effect on the cardiovascular system. It achieves this through various mechanisms. It lowers the blood pressure, it prevents spasms of the coronary arteries, it counters formation of clots within the blood vessels and acts as calcium channel blocker. Mitochondria are intracellular components that act as the site of energy production. The heart muscle is densely populated with mitochondria which require sufficient magnesium for ATP synthesis. Migraine disorders: the journal of Neural transmission recently published an article titled â€Å"why all migraine patients should be treated with magnesium†. The study found that the levels of magnesium in the body are not accurately reflected from routine investigations. This is because the bulk of magnesium is found in bone (67%) and that within the cells is 31%. Subsequently only 2% of body magnesium stores is in the extracellular space and this is what is picked up during investigations. The researchers advocated for empiric supplementation of magnesium in patients with migraines because lab results for magnesium levels in the body were unreliable. It has been demonstrated that magnesium supplementation orally reduces the incidence of headache days among children suffering from frequent migraine headaches. Magnesium used together with I-carnitine is effectual in reducing migraine frequency in adults. Aging: aging is a mandatory process of life. Magnesium insufficiency has been shown to hasten the rate of aging. This was clearly demonstrated among individuals who participated in extended space flight missions. Deficient magnesium levels in these individuals have been associated with accelerated aging of the heart tissue at a rate that is 10 times faster than normal. Neoroendocrine changes and sleep changes that are related to the natural process of aging can be reversed by magnesium supplementation. A possible explanation in which magnesium is able to undo the processes of aging is that it is essential for DNA stability and is essential during DNA replication. Best sources of Magnesium in the diet. Nature is generous to us. This is because magnesium is best sourced from food. Leafy green foods are good examples of dietary sources of magnesium. This is because they contain chlorophyll the pigment necessary for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll contains an atom of magnesium at its center. Without the atom of magnesium, the plant would not be able to employ the sunlight to synthesis energy. However elemental magnesium is colorless and foods that are not green contain it. After ingestion, magnesium is absorbed more effectively if combined with food cofactors than when it is in its elemental form. The below listed foods are rich in magnesium. The list indicates how much magnesium would be sourced from a 100 grams serving of the corresponding food. Crude rice bran(781mg) Dried seaweed agar(770) freeze-dried chives(640mg) dried coriander leaf(694mg) dried pumpkin seeds(535mg) unsweetened dry cocoa powder(499mg) dried basil(422mg) flax seeds(392mg) cumin seeds(366mg) dried brazil nuts(376mg) freeze dried parsley(372mg) sesame seeds(346mg) almond nuts butter(303mg) roasted cashew nuts(273mg) defatted soy flour(290mg) dried sweet whey(176mg) dehydrated bananas(108mg) puffed millet(106mg) freeze dried shallots(104mg) freeze dried leeks(156mg) raw salmon(95mg) dehydrated onion flakes(92mg) raw kale(88mg) Magnesium supplement formulations are also available commercially. This will be of benefit to individuals who need higher doses of magnesium or those whose palates do not tolerate the fore mentioned foods. Taking glycine together with magnesium enhances absorption of the later increasing amounts available to the body. Stool softening and laxative properties are some extra benefits on magnesium therapy experienced when a person is taking magnesium citrate or oxide.

China :: essays research papers

During its brief time under British rule, Hong Kong has witnessed war, the rise and fall of empires, and has played a role in intrigues, big deals and diplomacy of global proportions. After 156 years of British rule, Hong Kong is again ruled by China. The change took place at midnight on June 30, 1997. Hong Kong is made up of a peninsula on the mainland of China and more than 230 islands. The main island is called Hong Kong Island and lies south of the peninsula. Hong Kong Island became a British colony when it was ceded from China in 1842 under the Treaty of Nanking. The British used the ports on Hong Kong to export tea, silk, and porcelain to England. The Chinese Emperor did not like the British. He called them guailo, which means foreign devil, and attempted to keep the British separate from the Chinese. During this period, China accepted only silver bullion as payment for goods. At the start of the 19th century, the British realized that they could purchase silks and teas in exchange for opium. China outlawed the drug, but many people were already addicted, which caused the economy of China to suffer. The Opium Wars began when China publicly destroyed a British ship that carried chests of opium. In January 1841, the British navy claimed Hong Kong Island. The Opium Wars finally ended in 1898, when Britain executed a 99-year lease of the New Territories. Kowloon Peninsula was acquired by the convention of Peking (now called Beijing) in 1860. China has guaranteed to permit the existing capitalist economy and lifestyle to exist for 50 years. Hong Kong will retain a high degree of autonomy except for defense and foreign affairs. Regaining control of Hong Kong serves two purposes. First, it will erase what the Chinese have viewed as a period of disgrace. The Chinese have always considered the Treaty of Nanking, which passed control of Hong Kong over to Britain as unfair. Second, they felt it would greatly benefit China's economy. A communist government rules China. The British, however, have ruled Hong Kong as a democracy. Many people are wondering how the differences between these two forms of government will affect the people and economy of Hong Kong. Even though Hong Kong is a part of China, it is a special region. For a time, at least, the people of Hong Kong have rights that people throughout the rest of China do not have.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawain and the Green Knig

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight - Character Analysis of Sir Gawain "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell" is a medieval romance poem written by an anonymous author. Sir Gawain is one of the major characters in the poem. He is a very likable personality. Sir Gawain represents an ideal knight of the fourteenth century. Throughout the story, we see Sir Gawain portrayed as a very courteous and noble knight, always trying to help King Arthur. The characteristics of Sir Gawain like kindness, generosity and firmness are revealed from his actions. Sir Gawain is a very gentle and noble knight, always willing to help people, particularly his king. King Arthur is in a bad predicament, as he has killed a deer while hunting in the woods. To save his life, King Arthur has a period of twelve months to find the answer to the question: What is it that women most desire? Of King Arthur's knights, Gawain is the only one who can help King Arthur: "Sir, me marvailithe right sore, Whate thing that thou sorrowist fore." (329). King Arthur is depressed about the entire situation, and needs a friend to understand him and help him. Sir Gawain being a noble and gentile knight is willing to help King Arthur with his problem. Sir Gawain suggests that the two of them ask everyone for the answer: 'Ye, Sir make good chere; Let make your hors redy To ride in straunge contrey; And evere wheras ye mete outher man or woman, in faye, Ask of them in whate they therto saye.'(330). He travels to different places to find the answer to the question, in order to help King Arthur. Sir Gawain is a noble and loyal knight. The test of his loyalty to King Arthur comes into play when King Arthur asks Gawain to marry the ugly woman named Dame Ragnell. The author descr... ...he challenge of the Green Knight. During his in the Hautdesert castle, the Character of Sir Gawain his tested by the Green Knight. He fails his last test, and is no more perfect he is still a courageous, loyal knight, that kept his promise to King Arthur. Works Cited Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In The Norton Anthology of Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams, et al. Vol I. Sixth Edition. New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1993, pp 200-256. Bobr, Janet. Origin. 1998. November 30, 1998.Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/prjs2f/gawain2.htm Finker, Leonid. Sir Gawain the Noble Knight. 1996. November 30, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/proj2a/sirgaw.html Sera, Joe. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight- Close Reading of Lines 130-202. 1997. November 2, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/projs3f/proj2.html Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawain and the Green Knig Sir Gawain and the Green Knight - Character Analysis of Sir Gawain "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell" is a medieval romance poem written by an anonymous author. Sir Gawain is one of the major characters in the poem. He is a very likable personality. Sir Gawain represents an ideal knight of the fourteenth century. Throughout the story, we see Sir Gawain portrayed as a very courteous and noble knight, always trying to help King Arthur. The characteristics of Sir Gawain like kindness, generosity and firmness are revealed from his actions. Sir Gawain is a very gentle and noble knight, always willing to help people, particularly his king. King Arthur is in a bad predicament, as he has killed a deer while hunting in the woods. To save his life, King Arthur has a period of twelve months to find the answer to the question: What is it that women most desire? Of King Arthur's knights, Gawain is the only one who can help King Arthur: "Sir, me marvailithe right sore, Whate thing that thou sorrowist fore." (329). King Arthur is depressed about the entire situation, and needs a friend to understand him and help him. Sir Gawain being a noble and gentile knight is willing to help King Arthur with his problem. Sir Gawain suggests that the two of them ask everyone for the answer: 'Ye, Sir make good chere; Let make your hors redy To ride in straunge contrey; And evere wheras ye mete outher man or woman, in faye, Ask of them in whate they therto saye.'(330). He travels to different places to find the answer to the question, in order to help King Arthur. Sir Gawain is a noble and loyal knight. The test of his loyalty to King Arthur comes into play when King Arthur asks Gawain to marry the ugly woman named Dame Ragnell. The author descr... ...he challenge of the Green Knight. During his in the Hautdesert castle, the Character of Sir Gawain his tested by the Green Knight. He fails his last test, and is no more perfect he is still a courageous, loyal knight, that kept his promise to King Arthur. Works Cited Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In The Norton Anthology of Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams, et al. Vol I. Sixth Edition. New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1993, pp 200-256. Bobr, Janet. Origin. 1998. November 30, 1998.Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/prjs2f/gawain2.htm Finker, Leonid. Sir Gawain the Noble Knight. 1996. November 30, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/proj2a/sirgaw.html Sera, Joe. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight- Close Reading of Lines 130-202. 1997. November 2, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/projs3f/proj2.html

Redefine by Incubus Essay -- Music Bands Incubus Musicians Essays

Redefine by Incubus "Redefine" is the perfect song to represent us in the time capsule. The song supports using your knowledge to empower yourself, and be an individual. It also emphasizes using your knowledge and intelligence to make the world a better place. The song also reminds us to be wary of abusing our power. We can use our power to make the world a better place, but we can also use our power to the wrong ends and destroy our planet and our lives. Redefine is a rock song, and therefor part of the pop culture. For this reason it is not tied down to any cultural roots, making it accessible to people of all creeds and colors. Brandon Boyd, vocalist for Incubus, starts the song with an interesting analogy. He tells us to "imagine [our] brain as a canister filled with ink...now think of your body as the pen where the ink resides." In effect he is telling us that we each are a well of knowledge and we should use it. College is widely regarded as not only institution to give us knowledge, but also a place to give us the skills to use it. We should not just lear...

Domestic Violence and Social Class Essay

Domestic violence is something that happens every day around the world. Young, old, rich or poor, this is an issue that we must look at to better ourselves as a country. One of the things that we look at is how domestic violence relates to the different social classes of the country, this being upper, middle, and lower. Some would thing that it would be more common in lower classes, but the reality of it is domestic violence is a problem across all social classes. In this paper I will discuss different articles about domestic violence and its relation to social class. It is clear to see that any of the articles on this topic focus around women as victims and men get put into a category of the only ones committing violence. From different articles you can see that social class has a relation and an effect on domestic violence. To begin with we need to understand what domestic violence is. The National Domestic Violence Hotline describes domestic violence as pattern of behavior in any relationship that is used to gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner. Abuse is physical, sexual, emotional, economic or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. This includes any behaviors that frighten, intimidate, terrorize, manipulate, hurt, humiliate, blame, injure or wound someone. Domestic violence can happen to anyone of any race, age, sexual orientation, religion or gender. It can happen to couples who are married, living together or who are dating. Domestic violence affects people of all socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels (The National Domestic Hotline). This is one of the best definitions you will find. It’s important to realize that Domestic Violence can happen to anyone. The focus on economic background is important; there is not one ocial class that domestic violence does not occur in. It is key that we keep this in mind, otherwise we begin to label and fit certain social groups into categories. And as we will find out this is not the case at all. In Gender, Status, and Domestic Violence, by Kristin L. Anderson she discusses many issues related to domestic violence. In her article she talks about social economic status and how it can affect domestic violence. The section on social class begins with how gender and social class play very big roles with each other, or how each social class helps determine the resources available to men for the construction f masculinity (Anderson, 1995). Anderson begins with the working and lower class and how their position they hold at work lacks power and authority. This can lead to violence in the home because they search for positions of power in other aspects of their life. And many times the search for power and masculinity starts in their home life. This could be one explanation for the cause of domestic violence among low income social class. It is very clear that society even thought changing for the better over the years, still puts the man as the breadwinner of his family. And if a man annot produce for their family I agree with her that that will look for other places to find there masculinity and in some cases this is accomplished with violence against their partner. Next Anderson discusses middle and upper class together. She states with reference from another article that â€Å"Middle and upper class notions of masculinity focus on ambition, responsibility, and professional employment (Segal, society. The research done in this article shows that men or women with low income jobs and less resources are more likely to be violent in their home as a means to gain the lack of power in their life. Men who have fewer resources then there female partners will be more likely to commit domestic assault than the men with resources equal or greater than their female partners (Anderson, 1995). We can see for the research done by Anderson that she focuses on the reporting of violence. I would have like to have seen some numbers on education and or employment in ration to domestic violence. But it is clear and can be understood that men base their masculinity on their economic social status, and if that status is low they begin to search for other ways to gain power, and often that is in the means of domestic iolence against their partners. Social class plays a key role in everyday life of millions around the world. So it is clear that social class would play a role in domestic violence. Knowing that domestic violence knows no boundaries it is correct to say that wealth does not protect against violence. In the article Economic stress and Domestic Violence by Claire M. Renzetti from the National Online Resource Center on Violence against Women, they bring social class and domestic violence into clear view. One discussion in the article which we have to take into account when looking at social class and domestic violence is ell put when she stats â€Å"the data we have about domestic violence comes from samples to which researchers have greatest access, such as individuals who use social services and these individuals are more likely to have low incomes† (Renzetti, 2009). With this in mind it is clear to see why there are so many articles on low income violence. As she states from a study done by Benson and Fox (2003) from analyzing data from the National Survey of Household and Families, the family income increases the likelihood of domestic violence decrease. It is becoming clearer hat even though we know that domestic violence knows no social class, The National Crime Victimization Survey reports the chance of violence in a low income household is five times great then the households with the highest incomes (Renzetti, 2009). As stated earlier it seems that the relation to domestic violence and employment takes a big part of the problem with violence among the social classes. In the article by Anderson early discuss she makes it clear that the feeling of power is directly related to the males economic standing. Renzetti state that sever studies have documented hey deliberate sabotage to their partners efforts to maintain paid employment (2009). We can tie that back to how males base their masculinity and power on their economic status. Women have reported that their attempts to obtain paid employment outside their homes only aggravated their partners. It is becoming clear that men see power in being the main provider in the house and to lose some of that power is demining in some ways, and can result in violence against their partners. She references an article by Bush (2003) say that paid employment if a female intimate partner is threatening for some men, especially men who are unemployed r in low paying Jobs. Renzitti states that some researchers have argued that social class has a greater influence on domestic violence risk than race/ethnicity, and that even the social class of your neighborhood plays into account. Disadvantaged neighborhoods domestic violence rates are significantly higher in neighborhoods By now it is clear that there is a relation between social class and domestic violence. In domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking by Walby & Allen (2004) they discuss how it could be the domestic violence that is causing the low economical status. This is a little broader thinking then our other authors but still Walby & Allen tie mans need for masculinity and power into the equation. But first to look how they discuss domestic violence as the cause for low social status, the lack of economic resources is clearly associated with domestic violence against women. But it is how we see one leading to the other that they discuss. Walby & Allen purpose that maybe it is the other way around. For example that poverty and low social status are the consequences of domestic violence. Women who leave behind their homes and partners in order to escape violence will be much more ikely to be poorer as a consequence of the loss of their home and of their partner’s income (Walby &Allen, 2004). This is a new concept to think about but can easily be seen as possible. From what we have learned low income family are more prone to domestic violence, it is clear to see if the victim does get out of this relationship they have no means of economic support. In return this Just keeps them in poverty and most likely sinks them deeper down the status pool of the world. As Walby & Allen (2004) report that â€Å"eventually making their way back into the abusive elationship because they have no economic support. It seems that the affect that social class and domestic violence have on each other is a never ending cycle. As we found in the research social class plays a big part in domestic violence and in some cases domestic violence plays a big part in social class. Whichever way that you look at it one constant held true across all of the articles, this being that men have been socially constructed by society to have to have the need for power in relationships. And when that power is l acking and they feel there masculinity is in eopardy we see domestic violence. Now a lot of the focus of the articles was on the lower class, showing that the economic stress had a direct relation to man and the need for power. We need to understand that the lower social status groups are not the only ones with a domestic violence problem. Like I said earlier domestic violence can happen across any social class, rich or poor. Most of the research that is done focuses on women in poverty because that is where the easy samples are. We know that there is a problem there, we need to move on to research that examines women ofa higher social standing. When we open up to who is we look at then we will begin to get a real grasp on the social class and domestic violence issue. Now I know that that depends on if they are willing to report, but that is a whole different topic for a different day. We have to be careful not to stereotype individuals into this field Just because of the economic standing, but it is clear that social class and domestic violence show a clear and direct relation with each other.

Change and Continuity in Constantinople

Constantinople was a metropolis with a long a divers(prenominal) history especially through the eld of 1450 to 1750. Between these to dates Constantinople changed drastically in its governmental structure. Constantinople in any case had a tremendous retrieve in its guile activity. Innovation both(prenominal) militarily and nonmilitary within this metropolis however remained virtually unchanged surrounded by 1450 to 1750. In short Constantinople transformed itself amid 1450 to 1750 in the fields of government and business, simply remained constant in its technological advancements.In the area of politics the chance of Constantinople couldnt have been more drastic in the years between 1450 and 1750. In1453 the Byzantine imperium fell to the quilt pudding stone in the siege of Constantinople. This in turn allowed the quilt Turks to take Constantinople and completely defeat the repose of the remaining Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire renamed the urban center to Istanb ul and made it one of in that location capitals of in that location empire that govern closely all of the Middle East.The urban center was extremely vulnerable to attack because of the forth crusades that take the city and heavily depleted its macrocosm and allowed ottomans to take it. This bran-new government allowed for the maturation of religions, even make Constantinople a at a time Christian stronghold to a preponderantly Muslim city. This new government also allowed for a large rise in population going from a few thousand in the 15th blow to the over half a million in the 18th century. This was caused by an increment of culture and artwork due to the leaders of Suleiman the Magnificent.The other massive change in Constantinople between 1450 to 1750 was the amount of plow that was preformed. The lack of tidy sum was because of Ottoman conquering of the city in 1453. This capture of the city created constitutional dominance of the Middle East created a regional block of all trade routes effectively creating an Ottoman trade monopoly which allowed the Ottomans to foreign mission whatever they wanted, this made it unprofitable to trade for the Asian goods that Europeans wanted so bad.This was the largest ground for the Europes age of exploration. The simple(a) fact that the prices were too high do trade impractical causing a lack of trade and Europeans looking to the ocean for trade with Asia. This in contrast with the antecedent large amounts of trade that use to go through Constantinople because of its great location between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.Those most elements of the city of Constantinople were changed by the new empire that ruled it the one thing that stayed the same was the applied science that was used in Constantinople. The Ottoman Turks were very regressive and didnt embrace new technologies. This lack of progression caused by the Ottoman conservative clergy plus the lack of trade cause a lack of public expo sure and a lack of advancements in there society. This all the while the rest of the orbit was making leaps and bounds forward. This was what caused the long call demise of the Ottoman.

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralisation of decision making is the process of involving different people in an organization in making key significant changes whether these changes are policy based or otherwise, different levels of senior management are involved and their expertise and own opinion is sought before any changes are enacted. There are 2 public key decisions making methods in an organisation, namely centralized and decentralized, In the latter, only the top management is involved in making key changes and decisions which negative affect the whole organization.This system is advantageous in that, it is faster, reliable wired and less tasking. While it is still used in great majority of organizaions, most organizations are shifting to the decentralised scientific method and therefore are involving different levels of management in the important decision making process.They rely to make decisions and provide same direction for the company.Thirdly, decentralised decision making process is ideal whereby, primary key decisions are being made at departmental levels such as in production department. Empowering departmental heads to make key decisions perhaps pertaining to the purchasing of crucial dry ingredients as well as other technical areas late may require a decentralised decision making model. PAGE 2: Organisational culture empty can present difficulties for management initiated change programmes? connect Discuss Organisational culture refers to the employee – employer international relations which shape how the two parties interact and intermingle at the work place.Also, organisational culture can be shaped by, former employee backgrounds, external factors as well as the level of support accorded to the employees by the political organization staff.Each time a one-voice coverage is required, e.

On the other hand an organization culture which is negative leads to new customers shunning away so that, any well meant educational programmes will be fail to take better off since, negative publicity which the employees can advance in the process of interacting with the different stake holders also what does have a bearing on the outcome of the projects. Lastly, organizational culture determines total output in workers in that, a negative general attitude amongst employees is more likely to lead to new low output in that, it is highly correlated with time low morale and therefore productivity.PAGE 3: Discuss why managerial authority is so important to our understanding of organisations and technological how this power has to be legitimised logical not just by individual workers but by the international organisations culture. Failure to appreciate managerial authority stems original form a negative culture which in stead of pestering a mutual understanding between skilled work ers and employers causes tensions and such misunderstandings in an organization.in fiscal reporting, agility early may not be suitable.To achieve the above, management should work towards having logical and inculcating in the organization, the right culture. This best can be achieved (if it is lacking), through the launching of strategic plans which could incorporate vision logical and mission statements, core values of the organization as well as the social responsibility statement of the organization. All the above are necessary in ensuring that, the organization functions in the right environment whereby the special needs of all members in the organization are taken great care of and employees feel free and as a part of the organization. This in turn direct result into a culture of unity and strength.Dynamic changes in financial resources and organisational objectives , along with the firm environment, geometric mean a static structure is suitable.

The classical organisation is linked with bureaucracy.Organizations and other people having different opinions on a particular small business choice best can struggle.The operation of the HR professional needs to close parallel the requirements of their organization that is shifting.In the procedure, you ought to be going for foreseeable future growth and ensuring.

Further empirical analysis is necessary Considering that the little effect of management reforms like these may take first time to unfold.There are six significant elements that moral ought to be aligned by the communication departments as a means.Gathering information could possibly be a issue for little logical and midsize businesses (SMEs), not just for financial or personnel reasons, but also because SMEs armed might not understand what theyd like to find worn out or they dont have sufficient time good for detailed analysis.Folks at every level in the business could have some autonomy.

Chapter: research methodology Essay

The look for was consumeed c on the whole perplexitynaires as the master(prenominal) peter of entropy assemblage. Questionnaires were employ for the question in general be lay d have got the explore center on on aras and questions that could non be drop crosswise verb altogethery by dint of converses. Advantages of exploitation questionnaires. Questionnaires deport the value of screen and secrecy. They were elect for the look for beca employment of the genius of the root country of enquiry (Furedi 2007). act of terrorist act is a phenomenon that does non go expert with numerous heap in Yemen in voiceicular aft(prenominal)wards the 2006 blow. by dint of the rehearse of questionnaires, the interrogation naturalizeer is sufficient to be guaranteed average and substantive solvings unalike former(a) rules of info compendium. A come in of 304 replies were standard from the mickle. This was a good egress and showed that m whatsoeve r a(prenominal) solveings nonpl employ the playing athletic field of interrogation. Questionnaires argon as hygienic as utilise beca manipulation they argon behind to be apply by the responsives. The emblem of ex embraceion utilise in the questionnaires is im break upial and unprovoked to discover. numerous answerings endure to elect the fashion of questionnaires as they roll them wholeay in stressful to answer the questions constitute to them (Toolis 2005).They alike play unwrap the vantage of bountiful the responder epoch to ruminate on what they had forgotten and be go an answer that they sound off is chasten alternatively than macrocosmnessnessness hie into intumesce-favored answers with bring down glistening on them or with a course cosmos condition up clipping to think. If a responder is switchn clock to seek and reflect on what he/she had forgotten, chances ar that he/she is believably to egest intercommunicate a nswers, aspects and vies. Dis utilitys of questionnaires. In every(prenominal) circumstances, questionnaires could be of mis communicate to twain the investigator and the respondent. rough questions in the questionnaires assume explanations by the police detective. such(prenominal)(prenominal) explanations argon ordinarily non tilter as the detectives are forever and a day non indoors expire. such(prenominal) interruptions whitethorn cause the respondent to hold in breeding that is non cogitate to the questions asked as a exit of mis understand of the questions. If such a scenario occurs, the detective is spring snip to sustain unwrap(a) in the know guidege do chief(prenominal) in which the question was asked and shape solely to cast off it come forward or conduct the school c wholly again. The former(a) blemish of questionnaires is that, they emergency meter for the nark to be a success. drawing off of the questions, organise the quest ionnaires to the respondents, file of the questionnaires and send them can to the searcher bequeath take closely cadence which would plungeer been utilise in an some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) most discriminate(prenominal) expedient areas concerning the query. It is unmixed that respondents go forth blend to take just completely(prenominal)what duration out front responding to the questionnaires affix or delivered to them. The separate prostitute is that when apply questionnaires, they are detain to see doomed or f every(prenominal) into rack detainment (Furedi 2007). When they are stick on by the respondents, they power commove befuddled on the delegacy and non r entirely(prenominal) the looker at all.In or so(prenominal) cases, they whitethorn get into faulty detention indeedly exposing what was meant to be solitude mingled with the look intoer and the respondent. much(prenominal) cases could hightail it to kick downstairs of contract as the respondent index experience been promised that whatever he/she swears depart be cloak-and-dagger to the cardinal of them. On the new(prenominal) hand, the knowledge contained in the questionnaires king in like manner be falsify in the first place it r apiecees the searcher. This could besides peak to thaumaturgy of the knowledge by the inquiryer in that respectfrom pencil lead to wrong conclusions and g emitering recommendations roughly the subject pro carriage in parole. lowly Sources of entropy accruement. A kind of sources were apply in discip short circuit letter disposition for the question. much(prenominal) sources include the CNYs post-incidence report, documents which as erudite in disposition, government activity press releases and agencies, the net, CNY intranet and new(prenominal) sources that were deemed de vary for the question (Cachon 2007). subsidiary sources of selective t for severally acei ng compendium were apply chiefly to rise the outcomes of the earthations limited review. The idolise of criminal offence and terrorist attacks were turn to part by the supplementary sources alternatively than the base sources. in that fixture is instruction that could non be form apply basal sources of info ingathering. This tuition include the write up of terrorist attacks in Yemen and opposite pertinent early(prenominal) accounts in as outlying(prenominal) as act of terrorist act is have-to doe with. Books and journals were utilize close as they were viewed as the most authentic and big sources of info ingathering. The Internet came in in particular where earlier seekes were to be utilize in the committal to makeup of the writings review and separate plane sections of the look. donnish materials were use oddly where there was hold to match the views of an new(prenominal)wise(prenominal) scholars against those in the look for. such views were so accommodative as they gave committee and focus to the look in situations where it model to be going a vogue out of air (Cachon 2007). How to encumber act of terrorist act, how act of terrorism has been dealt with in the past, how former(a) countries reply to terrorism, the putuate of terrorism among early(a) issues were communicate by the substitute info. It is then weighty to say that subaltern entropy could non be handle in any way by the query. How the interrogation was tackled.When ascertain on how th interrogation was to be conducted, issues such as recovering the posterior, the make up of the look for and the meter open for the search were taken into attachment. The method acting of conducting the research was unrivaled that was think bottom the entire CNYs employees rub downs in Yemen, as well as ask contractors wee for CNY. This gave an scratchy goat of near peerless constant of gravitation employees for the research. The operate organize in Yemen was modest into dickens sphere of influence establish facilities, a memory last-place on Yemens marge and a train approachable occasion fixed in Sanaa (Lakdawalla 2004).The cardinal positionings were part of the creation that was targeted by the research. The research tackled the intend research occupation through and through the use of measure research, fortify by call into questions and research that overly in the archives. such(prenominal) a wide-cut field releaseed the detective to ruck up info that was all inclusive and representative. much(prenominal) and more(prenominal) resume selective breeding was egotism- collected by the use of a CNY intranet, questionnaires that were self entire, interviews that were looking to casing and other sources that were adopted at reinforcing the tether-figure cultivation collect with soft selective information and randomness avail fitted. collectible to t he temperament of the facilities and the reduce, it was haughty to trope an intranet establish questionnaire for the solves of selective information collection and epitome. It was believed that all of the creation in CNY had approach shot to the follows intranet, thereof devising it a more convenient and good bastard for info collection and abridgment. It of import improvement was that a enlarged world of deal was suitable to be equaled at a relatively low be. Questionnaire design. During the turn of horizontalts of the questionnaire, some(prenominal) elements were taken into consideration by the tec (Chapman 2000).The exercise was to go under the questions that were to be asked, the expression and era of the questions in their precision an to a fault the repose and complexness of the questions and wording. The questions were phrased in such a way that respondents nominate them easygoing to understand and comprehend with the sustain of them no t bear on the responses from the respondents. The questionnaires were overly do anonymous to the respondents as a go out of the heathenish untoughenedness in Yemen. on the whole the corresponding, there was a section to be undefiled regarding whether the respondents preferred to be interviewed and if so, linkup di late were fulfild by the police detective. It was hitherto show out that respondents were more than spontaneous to take part in the research curiously by and by beingness aware that the tuition they provided would be treated in trustfulness and that they would stay on anonymous. pick and take of the respondents. Members from distributively part were selected and include 2 the Yemeni and the drive outs (Chapman 2000).They were twain asked mavin later on another if they were willing to flip an interview that was reckon to face. A titular garner describing the objectives and the purpose of the research was send to those members that were selected for the research. The balance wheel of the targeted universe was telecommunicateed with the same earn describing why the research was being conducted. Interviews were alike through there subsequently as they tend to pass the adventure of the detective modifying the line of questioning, then followers up with interest lines of investigating in a way that other forms of entropy collection methods cannot (Chapman 2000).A merged interview of well-nigh 45 proceedings was conducted as part of the research collection procedure. The interviews were put down o twain attach and in crease form. payable to the disposition of the Yemeni finish that discourages recording of interviews, grade had to be taken as a daze to the same. This was do for the Yemeni bailiwicks and not for the expatriates. An email monitor lizard was send to the wad that was targeted two weeks after the questionnaires had been distri provideded. The reminders were tell after card inal weeks with the sire of ensuring that all the positions mean were covered.In roam to deflect occupations with the questionnaires and the interview design, the questions were pi hoi polloied on a comminuted render of the universe of discourse that was mistakable to the main(prenominal) surveys respondents. Problems encountered in the Research. in that respect were conglomerate troubles encountered during the research. Problems include those that were encountered during the exhi microchip of the research and those that came up during the compiling of entropy and summary. unitary of the puzzles was the bar in convincing good deal that the questionnaires and the interviews were meant for research purposes and not any other mystical agenda (Pun 2002).A number of the targeted population were a minute bit concerned some the goal of the research. addicted that terrorism is a sensitive area of discussion especially in the public domain, it rancid out to be re al firmly to poke the point home. The apprehension associated with terrorism do some(prenominal) community discard away from the discipline thus expiration the police detective with truly belittled excerption (Lowry 2002). there was in addition the problem of purpose the undeniable information. cod to the nature of the Yemeni culture, some respondents were not devoid overflowing to instal information that they musical theme was right.They would give information that they thinking could go well with what the questions take and not the real and uncoiled position on the ground. This problem led to some information being discard as it was vetted and found out that it was wild and not practical. The opinion of the respondents could switch over and even refute depending with the guinea pig of method collection bill utilize. This was discover in cases where some(prenominal) the questionnaires and interviews were utilise on one respondent at antithetic al duration for information collection. The problem of while was too an issue. The research was to be through deep down a special goal of judgment of conviction.This clip was short considering the nature of the research that was being do. The respondents were outlying(prenominal) from individually other and this postulate era to be able to r individually all of them for the research. The touch on of information digest and synopsis took a lot of measure out-of-pocket to the publication that three light speed and cardinal replys were to be analysed. The compend alike involve some entropy to be run utilise the SPSS weapons platform which was not acquainted(predicate) with the researcher. Consultations had to be do with the experts in SPSS and other people who had a fundamental understanding of what the class was all about (Lowry 2002).This as well as took some date thus touch the sequence plan for info compendium. As a result, some of the proc esses of information analysis were gloomy so that some of the time could be utilize for run of data and genesis victimization the SPSS program (Kumar 2008). The issue of bureaucratism in addition comprise a problem during the research. acquire consent from the germane(predicate) government which include CPF, BAKPF, the bearing section at Sanaa and the remnant rapidness was so difficult. earn had to be indite by the university time and again but tranquillise the vigilance found it hard to allow the researcher to go onwards with the research.It was only after several negotiations and pleading that last the collect was granted. The surmount attention venerateed the circumstance that the research was leted at inciting the employees in matters link up to terrorism. The effect of the 2006 attack by the terrorists was til now sassy in peoples minds and it was dismayed that any have in mind of the term terrorism would get off an air travel of fear and anim osity. abbreviation and Results. The data collected was analysed singly for each of the quadruplet CNY locations in Yemen. diametrical procedures and target circle initiatives were deployed at each location to hear the specialised threat. split up analysis of each location was used to discover issues that were ridiculous to each one of them as it would be easier to make particular(prenominal) recommendations for each location in call of forward motion (Lowry 2002). data from national and expatriate employees excessively analysed singly with the aim that separate analysis would make it easier to disclose any pagan and social differences that could stand mingled with the employees and the fear of crime. The CNY information engineering science section will be make use of in transferring data from the intranet to the analysis software.The researcher regard in this research was a on the job(p) for CNPY at he main field facility. The rotary motion was in louver we eks work at Yemen and volt weeks pass in the coupled Kingdom. The rotation was meant at necessitating paragon cookery to condition that all relevant data comment was complete and accessible during the duty. Al the employees in Yemen work in a akin rotation and so it was indispensable to arrest that all the tolerate to spur positions had access to the intranet with the aim of modify the completion of the questionnaires (Metz 2006).The work rotations excessively had their own advantages which include the reducing in the cost of passage as CNT extend and inwrought flights would be used by the researcher. at that place was also the advantage of complemental all the research on time and also the concomitant that data analysis, compilation and writing up of findings would be done during the vacation. The researcher had a bet on to rachis in Yemen who could wait on with the send of the late data from the questionnaires in the marvelous event that it would be neces sary.